O-Fold Essay

1. As a part of the management team, how would you handle distribution and marketing of the O-Fold? Within the text I really liked the 2nd and 3rd option of distribution, which was going an online route or advertising I travel magazines. Although the adverting in magazines option is appealing when it comes down to it I don’t think it would reach as many people as online distribution. I would chose to create a website and distribute the O-Fold product through there. Creating a website would be extremely cost effective. I believe there are even some sites you can use for free, such as weebly.com. However, this option is risky because marketing would have to be very effective in order to generate the business he is looking for. Since the cost of a website is low, he should consider advertising in travel magazines. He probably would not need large ad space, which would help with the cost. If he could get a small section in the Sky Mall magazine on aircrafts with the link to his website, that could be a rewarding starting point. Another option is advertising on other large online retail sites, such as Amazon.com who now gives consumers an option to purchase provides from other retailers by providing a link to that product on their site. 2. At what points should Alex consider bringing on additional management? What positions should he fill and in what order? Defend your answer. I am a supporter of Alex’ crawl-walk-run strategy. I think initially he should partner with his brother and begin to make the product together and sell online through a website he creates. This way he can get an idea of how he can proceed with next steps and be able to create a business plan to present to Anger investors. Once he can seal the investment funds he should bring on a sales and marketing manager. This is one of the most important positions in a company. Alex needs to have someone with experience in sales and marketing, especially not having experience himself. He’s already contemplating different options in this area; someone who has worked in this department can give him real examples of the outcomes and weigh in on the best decision for O-Fold. Next, after he gets an investment, he should go with the outsourcing route. He already had a connection to hire a barn full of employees. He will need to hire a manager to oversee the production of these employees, and also a Human Resources Manager since he will have employees. He cannot manage everything himself so a good candidate for the productions manager would be his brother since he should have a good understanding by then of how to produce the items. 3. What are some pricing strategies you would consider utilizing in order to get the O-Fold to market? Do you agree with Alex’s pricing point? I would consider giving a special price to first time customers, or a discount when purchasing more then one O-Fold at the early stages of marketing. Alex will want to be competitive and the first thing that customers probably look for is good deals. If he creates a website and is directing people there through advertising he should try to close the sale with a discount. An option would be first time users get free shipping, or $5 off shipping. Customers buying more then one could receive $5 off their second purchase. I like the 123 percent market with the outsourcing options at $12.50 However, that would only be beneficial at wholesale, so he should price his products per item at $25, and offer the discount for the first 100 customers. He does not need to advertise the part about it only being for the first 100 customers but he should price out shipping costs for 100 people or costs of giving discounts and set a budget for it.

James Thom’s “The Perfect Picture” Essay

In James Thom’s extraordinary piece â€Å"The Perfect Picture† he writes about situations he was in at a one point of his life. He explains an experience he was in as a young police reporter and driving to a seen, where the grandfather back over this granddaughter. When he drives up he sees all the media and the police gather around the grandfather. The grandfather couldn’t even grasp the concept of what happened yet, before news reporters and photographers are invading his property, life and time with his family to grieve over his granddaughter. When Thom sees the opportunity to snap the photo of the grandfather cradling the little girl, wrapped in a sheet, lying cold and lifeless in his arms. Thom has such a huge decision to make, and only a mere moment to decide on what he will do. Thom thinks about his career, for a brief second, and he almost pushes the shutter, the button that has the power to keep time standing still, for now and forever. He has the power to expose the emotions and lives of people, including this family, that have to re-live these experiences for the rest of their life. He can see the joy on the faces of his executives, and the awards that would be engraved with his name. If pictures are worth a thousand words, then his â€Å"perfect picture† will be worth a million! Thom finally decides there is still no way to justify this intrusion of private family affairs. He shows courage in his decision and great confidence in his ability as a reporter. James Thom is making the right decision in not taking the opportunity to snap the perfect photograph. In today’s society the media takes advantage of the common people, and profits from the world’s misfortunes. In the era this story is taking place, the media is no different. The media believes they have the right to intrude into people’s lives, take what they want, and assume no responsibility and reap no consequences for their actions. Newspapers, TV stations, and so forth, call this their right to free speech. Watching a reporter taking pictures, pushing shoving and crowding around the scene, is like watching a group of wild hyenas fighting each other for one piece of dead carcass. On one side, there would be those that believe pictures, events, and the news, regardless of the subject matter are public property as long as it’s done in the name of media material. Reporters, journalist and photographers all fall into the same category. They are there to find the story, and if there is not a story present. They construct one to create intrigue for their customers. Most of the media is ruthless, cold and with hearts of stone. These beasts stop at nothing to get what they need to fulfill the greed in their soul.

Amorok by Mike Oldfield

Coming from the mastermind behind Tubular Bells, comes an album title you shouldnt confuse for Ragnarok. This hour long song/album is nothing but atmosphere, instrumentals and progressive rock in general.If you all DONT know by now, I love progressive rock because of the technicality, what you can do with it, some of the stories;if any, and the atmosphere behind it all. Mike Oldfield surely gets a reward for all of the following that I mentioned. There are flowing transitions everywhere, some crazy and some relaxing sound effects and synths, and some sick instrumentals. For those of you who are well versed in Morse Code, you may want to look out especially at around the 48 minute mark. Oldfield has a message to Virgin Records telling them how much he dislikes the,label with the phrase F$k off, RB which is not exactly nessessary but The More You Know. While some of the sounds and sections get repetitive at times, you cant help but like the very soothing and sometimes hypnotic synths present within. The hour long song has arrived people, enjoy it and worship it if you will. I give this album a 9.5/10.

Case Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis - Term Paper Example The human services workers are expected to adhere to the legal, ethical and moral expectations of their profession while making decisions in their everyday work. The workers must protect their clients’ rights and ensure human dignity in their practice (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). The current legal framework requires human services workers to offer their services without any discrimination or preference on the basis of color, culture, race, religion, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status (Woodside & McClam, 2009). The Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits all manner of discrimination, and treat all clients equality despite their identifiable characteristics such as age or origin. The Child abuse prevention and treatment Act (CAPTA) 1974 fosters the rights of children and numerous states have enacted laws they protect child abuse and neglect. The situation requires me to protect the sexually abused child’s right to privacy and confidentiality according to the federal, state and local laws on confidentiality. For instance, I am expected to take safe custody of the child records and refrain exposing information regarding the sex abuse suffered by the child in order to prevent further harm (Timmons, 2013). The profession regulatory requires me to consider t he conflict of the values of obeying the law and values of serving the clients thus, I will assist the child in reporting the sexual offenders to the law enforcement agencies (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). Furthermore, I am expected to demonstrate sensitivity to cultural diversity and appreciate the different cultural values of the child in making an informed decision on the welfare of the child. Statement 4 of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) requires the human services workers to protect the safety of clients who are in danger of any harm through seeking consultation,

Shakira (2pages) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shakira (2pages) - Research Paper Example She is known worldwide for her art of singing, dancing and writing that makes her one of the most liked artists of the world. (Shakira Espanol, 2011). The flavour that she adds to the parties and attraction that people feel in her singing performances, shall be elaborated upon in paragraphs to follows. Shakira was born in Barranquilla, Colombia. Her father was a jeweller. Her mother chose many names for her but finally Shakira was agreed upon. Shakira means â€Å"thankful† in Arabic language. Shakira’s father took great care to groom his daughter for future challenges.Shakira started reading things at the age of three. She started belly dance at the age of four without taking guidance from anybody. She was abit weak in studies and was mostly found absentminded.(Shakira Espanol, 2011) Her work in the fields of music and dance was always highly appreciated in Latin America. She got her numerous albums recorded in the early age and got fame worldwide. She has the mastery o f singing and writing in Spanish and American. (Shakira Espanol, 2011) Shakira has been gifted with a very pleasant personality. Her charming face is the main cause of her success. Whenever she is addressing the audience or speaking to the camera, she is always smiling. She conveys very romantic feelings to audience during singing and belly dance to amuse the people.

The views of young South- Asian males and females have changed around Essay

The views of young South- Asian males and females have changed around the issue of marriage - Essay Example The marriages in general can essentially be conducted following two norms, arranged marriage and love marriage. There is another type of marriage, known as love-arranged marriage, the type beyond the scope of this pilot study. Arranged marriage refers to the kind of marriage in which parents select prospective spouse for their children with the consideration of the family values, culture, education, occupation and social compatibility (Nanda, 1995). On the other hand, love marriages can be seen as a means in which the prospective spouses themselves take the decision to stay together irrespective of their corresponding family concern. In South-Asian context, the last decades of the twentieth century has brought an increasing radical shift in changing the perspective of marriage pattern and corresponding decision-making policy. The aim of the study is to find out the views of young South-Asian males and females on marriage, to find out whether there are any gender differences in approa ch and to find out reasons accounting for the differences. In Asian context, especially in South-Asia, the arrangement in the changes of socio-cultural and socioeconomic pattern have facilitated the increasing acceptance of â€Å"freedom of choice† among young individuals in terms of changing from arranged marriage to self-selected or love marriage (Tsuya, 2001). The current study is focusing on finding out to what extent self-selected marriage or love marriage is desirable and the changing pattern of attitude for the selection of partner by the candidate himself or herself or still left for the parents to settle on for the children to follow. However, the radical shift from arranged marriage to love marriage being observed especially during last decades suggests the possible link between dowry system and arrangement of marriage system. The change in the attitude governing the dowry system, central to the arranged marriage, may act to be responsible for, or

Impact of a water Jet laboratory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impact of a water Jet laboratory - Lab Report Example The term molar mass of a given substance is often used to refer to the mass of one mol of a substance (Computer-Based Laboratory, 2007). In mathematical terms, it is often expressed as an average molecular mass of molecules in the given substance when multiplied by Avogadro’s constant often approximated as 6.022Ãâ€"1023. It can be shown molar mass = (1/6.022) Ãâ€"10-23g/u) Ãâ€" (6.022Ãâ€"1023/mol) Ãâ€" average molecular mass (Lide, 2005).This experiment was set up to use the freezing point depression to determine the molecular mass of benzoic acid. This was possible by first determining the freezing point of pure lauric acid and lauric- benzoic mixture, then calculating the molality of solution and the moles of benzoic acid as shown below. In this lab Experiment the apparatus and materials used included Lab Quest , Lab Quest App Temperature Probe, two 18 Ãâ€" 150 mm test tubes 400 mL beaker, ring stand, paper towel or tissue 4 – 1, Lab Quest 4, lauric acid, CH3(CH2)10COOH lauric acid-benzoic acid mixture hot water bath and the utility clamp. In this experiment the procedure was as follow. The initial step involved obtaining and wearing goggles. This was followed by connecting the Temperature Probe to Lab Quest and choosing New from the File menu. For the case where one had an older sensor that does not auto-ID, manually, he/she had to set up the sensor. The next step involved tapping the rate on the Meter screen, then changing the data-collection rate to 1 sample/second and the data-collection length to 600 seconds. This was part one of the experiment in which one had to determine the Freezing Temperature of Pure Lauric Acid. After this part, the next procedure was to add about 300 mL of tap water with a temperature of 20–25 °C to a 400 mL beaker and then placing the beaker on the base of the ring stand. The utility clamp was then used to obtain a test tube containing hot, melted lauric acid from the instructor while making sure

The Role of the Police in Society Research Paper

The Role of the Police in Society - Research Paper Example is such that it undertakes all these tasks and many more so that the people at large are not unduly made to suffer and be on the receiving end at any moment in time (Garland, 2011). Proper understanding of the role of the police has made the people of America know that it exists to satisfy their concerns and to make sure that the relevant authorities are doing their jobs in a proper and adequate way. What is even more important is the fact that the role of the police has been expounded upon by these very authorities on a consistent basis so that the people know beforehand what to expect of them, and how these shall provide value for the sake of the community members. This discussion will now focus on the different styles of policing which are in use. These include the three different styles, namely the watchman, the legalistic and the service perspectives. Since the work of the police is broad in the basic sense of the word, and they have limited resources available at their disposal , the role of the police administrators and authorities are geared to develop certain policies which are there to prioritize and emphasize upon these activities and tasks in essence. The watchman style of policing focuses upon the maintenance of order which is found in different communities which have a declining industrial basis as well as a blue-collar and mixed population based on ethnicity and race (Mackenzie, 2011). This watchman form of policing is less proactive than the other two styles where one can see that certain offenses are overlooked when it comes to a mix of legal, cultural and social grounds. This is so done so as to make sure that the public order element is under wraps and that there are no predicaments in the light of the same. The charges of discrimination are a direct... This paper approves that the values of a community might just get affected by the style and role of policing for the sake of that community. This is because if a community is looking forward to receiving a service form of policing, then the service style is suited for its own needs. However if there are a large number of arrests due to law and order issues, then the aspect of legalistic policing might just do the trick. This is important to ascertain what kind of policing would in essence play the bridge between the people and the police authorities at the end of the day. Once such understandings are reached upon, then only can one devise the ways and means through which policing can be studied and its different styles are implemented and executed in the most literal sense. It is also possible that all three styles of policing – watchman, legalistic and service are being used in combination with one another. Police works to good effect to service the people against the intrude rs entering into the community. This report makes a conclusion that the role of policing is such that it brings wellness and serenity within the society. In order to be termed as a success within the community domains, it is imperative to think of policing in the light that it should be serviced for the sake of the people at large. All said and done, policing is any society of the world is indeed one of the most important elements and should be given due priority as it sets things right no matter how tough the circumstances are.

Innovation and New Ventures Business Plan and Investor Presentation Coursework

Innovation and New Ventures Business Plan and Investor Presentation (Product) - Coursework Example Market Size / Growth Research Apart from United Kingdom(UK) being the sixth largest economy in the whole world, its automotive industry employs more than 800, 000 people and United Kingdom has more than 20 cities with London carrying the largest population of about 7,172,091. Additionally, United Kingdom is recognized as the first industrialized place with England being the most densely populated country in the world. UK has the top world universities; University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. Many people are well educated in UK and a huge number have attended college and hence belong to the middle class level. With this in mind, UK makes a huge market for the product (muting sensor) device. Targeting London as a major market city and the greatest economy, the city has many middle class families who afford television sets and pay televisions like DSTV Pay TV (OmeSteps Introduces National Summer Sales Promotion, 2011, p 1). Moreover, technological awareness in UK is on the increase and it is spreading dynamically with good roots from its industrialization in the early 19th and 20th C. In this case, many people in London have the ability to purchase our product, especially the people with more than thirty years and have children who are chronic television addicts. It has also been noted that UK has a very rapid rate of increase of population which in this case dictates the ease of growth of our market in the near future. In this case, England has one of the fastest population growth rates in the world earning it recognition of being a country with the highest population per area. Statistics show that UK is an attractive place for muting sensor device, considering the many cities that have highly established businesses like hotels, lodgings, restaurants, nightclubs, healthcare centre and institutions which require television sets (OmeSteps Introduces National Summer Sales Promotion,  2011, p 1). These c enters are potential buyers of our product. The many families also described above treat a television set as a basic need for a home and therefore many homes will be willing to buy our product. It is also stated that UK has the top known universities which have attracted many people from all over the world to go to UK to further their studies. These students make our market size larger having in mind that many students in general have a wide interest in watching movies, series and programs in television sets. Technology is not only spreading widely and earning recognition in UK but also in almost other parts of the world including the developing world. Various countries are catching up with technological improvement and as a growth strategy, we are planning that we are going to introduce this sensor device to other developing countries where we can be exporting this device and earn the country foreign exchange (OmeSteps Introduces National Summer Sales Promotion,  2011, p 1). Mark et segmentation The New sensor technology Company has categorized its market in the city

Resolution of Business conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resolution of Business conflict - Research Paper Example They can be monetary as well as non-monetary in nature. When calculated, it takes into account financial losses, wastage of time and wasted resources. In this specific case with two major participants, the problem was that they were influential enough to create concerns and panic in the economy and could cause fluctuations in the financial stability of the industry. The costs of this specific conflict were that first of all, it fueled the mortgage concern more than it would actually have oscillated. The Insurance Company had to pay a huge price to investors who faced a rapid mortgage decline. Goldman had apparently inflated its losses more than their actual value, and demanded most of what AIG had been left with. Goldman had a major share in the rapidity of the problems created for AIG, which was already stuck in a complicated mesh of loss in the financial world as an insurance company that collapsed because of a decline in the mortgage market. That was the point where the government intervened in the resolution of the conflict. Both parties were adamant with their behavior and did not consider any compromises which could ruin or at least create confusions about their position in the industry. Goldman, along with pressing AIG for further payments pushed other institutions such as Societe Generale, a French bank to ask for payments from AIG as well. Even though AIG was practicing a somewhat more lenient policy towards Goldman, it appeared as if there was something awkward about Goldman Sachs strategies of compelling AIG’s scenario to worsen. After research, it was found that an unreported $2.9 Billion was undeservingly lying in Goldman’s reserves- undeclared and unreported. Gold man’s concern was that AIG should not be demanding payment back from them. If it was not enough in the first place, AIG should have objected before paying it. The issue between the giant companies was not

Exceptionalities in a classroom Essay Example for Free

Exceptionalities in a classroom Essay

The Importance of A Project Management Office Essay Example for Free

The Importance of A Project Management Office Essay Project management can be a tedious job especially if the personnel or department in charge is already loaded with tons of work. It may be hard to cope up with the schedule, time pressure, workload, and other factors. In line with this, the task of handling such tasks must be assigned to a specialized department known as Project Management Office. What is a Project Management Office? A Project Management Office is a unit or department functioning within a business, company, or agency that is charged with defining and maintaining project management standards within the company. The main objective of this office is to achieve beneficial gains from setting uniform policies, processes, and methods in managing projects(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Project Management Office will provide direction, metrics connected with practices concerning project management and implementation. The principles, methods, and practices of managing a project are based from Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) or Project in Controlled Environment (PRINCE2). These models complies with the specifications related to ISO9000 as well as in government regulation specifications(Search CIO. om, n. d). Essentially, the job of the Project Management Office is to perform related to a certain project and to work for the completion of the project. The PMO may from time to time update management regarding the status and problems of the project so that they can come up with decisions which are congruent to the goals and objectives of the firm(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Kinds of Project Management Office There are three varieties of project management offices that are suitable for organizations in various phases of developing a project. Each of them have their own pros and cons. Here is a brief explanation of the different kinds of project management offices(Billows, 2006). The Weather Station With this kind of PMO, the person-in-charge of the project is aware of what is going on with the project but does not make any action to influence it. The project officer just disseminates information without bothering the flow of work(Billows, 2006). This kind of office is most suitable in organizations that have just started in project management. The job of this kind of office is usually limited because the various line managers usually experience difficulties in incorporating various projects into their management duties(Billows, 2006). The Control Tower In contrast to the first variety, this kind of PMO provides the guidance that the project managers might need. Although they are still doing their tasks, the project managers are being instructed by the project officer. They are liable for any glitch that will happen to the project(Billows, 2006). The Squadron Commander Just like in the Control Tower, the Squadron Commander provides guidance to the project managers. However, the SC closely supervises all the people handling the project. There might be instances of successes and shortcomings but the Squadron Commander is held resposible for the general performance of the department(Billows, 2006). The disadvantage of this kind of office is that the personnel who have the technical know how as well as the most credible managers are doing multiple tasks aside from their main job. Aside from that, the job of allocating resources and prioritizing projects can go out of hand. Another problem that Squadron Commanders is that management may be hesitant in injecting company-wide standards related to project tracking and approval(Billows, 2006). History of Project Management Office The concept of modern project management can be traced to only a few decades back. During the 1960s, businesses and other firms discovered the advantages of organizing project tasks. Most companies developed an understanding on how crucial it is for their staff to establish communication and collaboration while incorporating their jobs with several departments and professions, and in certain instances, with several industries(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). The Early Years During the later years of the 19th century, at a time when businesses were becoming complicated, the corporate world began to see the evolution of project handling from simple management principles. Wide-scale government initiatives became the foundation for project management processes and principles. During the time that the United States was constructing the transcontinental railroad during the 1860s, business leaders were faced with the tough task of coordinating with workers who will engage in manual labor as well as in producing and processing of a large number of raw materials(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Into The Twentieth Century Frederick Taylor started to made further studies of work. Using scientific reasoning, he proved that labor can be evaluated and enhanced by concentrating on its basic elements. Taylor applied this view in various jobs found in steel mills, such as shoveling and lifting and transporting parts. At that time, the only method of increasing productivity is through hard work and extended working hours. Taylor believed that productivity can be improved through efficient work instead of exerting more effort and work extension(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Henry Gantt, an associate of Taylor, extensively studied the sequence of operations in work. His research delved on navy ship manufacturing during World War I. He developed the Gantt Charts, which comes with task bars and milestone markers, as a tool for outlining the order and extent of all tasks in a prcess. These illustrations proved to be a powerful aid for managers that there were no modifications for almost a century. In the early part of the 1990s, Microsoft Corporation introduced MS Project which included connector lines to the tasks bars, showing a more accurate relationship between the differen tasks. Over the years, Microsoft Office became an even more powerful tool(Microsoft Office Online, n. ). His contribution merited Gantt with a patent from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In the years leading to the Second World War, new approaches to marketing, human relations, and industrial psychology, became vital components of project management(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Middle 20th Century The Second World War necessitated the need for new organizational patterns. Complicated network illustrations, like PERT charts and critical path method were developed, providing managers with greater control over complicated projects. As the demand for new management techniqes increased, these tools extended to various industries. General system theories were applied by businesses in their business dealings during the early part of the 1960s(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). New Trends In Project Management In the last decade, project management continued to develop. At present, there are two trends evolving namely bottom-up planning and top-down planning and reviewing(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Bottom-up planning, also called agile project management, involves basic project designs, shorter project chain, efficient cooperation between members of the team, solid involvement of team members in the decision process. Common methos used in this trend are Scrum, Unified Process, Extreme Programming, Crystal, to name just a few(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). In top-down planning and reviewing, the entire organization is involved in making decisions concerning the various projects of the organization(Microsoft Office Online, n. d).

The relationship between double dissociations and cognitive processes

The relationship between double dissociations and cognitive processes A relationship implies the way things interconnect and includes ways these groups regard and behave towards one another. Double Dissociations (DDs), modularity and connectionist modeling (CM) will be introduced. Discussions about their strengths and weaknesses, how advances in technology have added value to existing data and possible theoretical models will follow. Research community opinions will be explored as these factors impact the extent to which these processes uphold one another. Prior to 1960 the brain was primarily understood in terms of behaviorism where human behavior was thought of in actions of stimuli and response rather than through structure and organizational process (Cohen, 2000). Computer technology and cognitive psychology seemed to be a natural match as cognitive psychologists frequently used computers for analogies to explain the human brain. Armed with philosophies concerning modularity scientists started to explore ways in which computer technology could model actions of the human brain (Parkin, 1997). Cognitive neuropsychology leans on the theoretical framework provided by cognitive psychologists and detailed observation of brain behaviors and is noted for comparing differences between how an intact system works and what happens when it becomes damaged. Parkin (1997) shares an example of the difference between determining function for individual modules of an intact television set. He points out that observing modular failures in the set may be more informative than separating out the multiple components and how they contribute to media transmission. Even if one is ignorant of the workings of a television, by observing consistent mechanical failures it can be noted that it is possible for a television to lose sound and retain a picture or to retain the picture and lose the sound. By this it could be assumed that the components are independent of one another. The same principles can be applied to mechanical failure in a car or in the human brain where these observations can be foun d in the form of Double Dissociation (DDs) (Parkin, 1997). Dissociation is the process of identifying the neural substrate of a specific area of brain function. DD was a term originally used in statistics where 2 independent variables (IV) have different effects on two dependent variables (DV) where one IV affects DV1 but not DV2 and the second IV affects DV2 but not DV1 (Tauber,1955). In neuropsychology 2 independent brain areas are functionally dissociated by 2 cognitive tests. DDs are seen as the result of traumatic damage, disease or congenital deformities and offer a window into processes that normally operate in symbiotic ways such as the ability to understand and communicate with language (Parkin, 1997). DDs are sometimes criticised as reductionist however they can be vital signposts for estimating functional perimeters. DDs are useful for showing what happens when functional impairment occurs in one area of the brain leaving another area intact, while in other individuals the opposite functional pattern emerges (Shallice, 1988). It is challenging to find DDs where there are no mitigating factors or co-morbid conditions and some researchers recommend a classification system to rate DD extent and quality (Shallice, 1988; Parkin, 1997). DF is an individual with a single dissociation. She sustained Visual Form Agnosia when her ventral stream, the area responsible for the conscious identification of visual objects became impaired. Visual areas in the dorsal stream needed to identify color and texture remained intact so she could identify fruits and vegetables but was unable to identify a card, even though she was able to push it through a slot. She could draw on long term memory to draw objects but later when asked to identify them could not (Milner and Goodale cited in Datta, 2004). D.B. another person was found to have unconscious/covert visual function, allowing her to do better than chance on forced choice experiments which tests knowledge of areas she claimed not to see (Stoerig Cowey, 1992). DDs are noted in the contrast between deep dyslexia and surface dyslexia. The term dyslexia describes disorders of language concerning reading and spelling and can be acquired as the result of trauma or can be present at birth).Deep dyslexics have semantic, visual and reading errors (Plaut Shallice, 1993), they fail to name pseudo words but can name some exception words indicating the non lexical or visual route remains impaired but the phonological/lexical route was intact. Surface dyslexics can accurately name the pseudo words but demonstrate difficulty when pronouncing exception words such as pint which they pronounce as though it rhymed with lint. This indicates the non lexical/ visual route is intact but the lexical/phonological is impaired (Naish, 2000). Connectionist modeling (CM) is the process of using the computer to model various components of brain function so the patterns of how they work together can be observed. CMs, like the brain are layered for sequential tasks. The influence of the neuron is based on the strength of its connection and learning or recognition is achieved by altering the strengths of connections between learning. In models this is accomplished by assigning weights and connections that are determined by predetermined rules (McLeod, Plunkett Rolls, 1998) Modeling relies on gaining understanding of cognition through rule-guided transformation of mental representations. Hinton Shallice (1991) designed a connectionist model and used this to replicate co-occurrences of semantic and visual errors. After training the model to map from orthography to semantics it was lesioned. Three common network properties were identified to reproduce deep dyslexia, distributed orthographic/ semantic representations, gradient descent learning and attractors for word meanings. A fourth factor proved valuable which consisted of increasing the ratio of concrete to abstract semantics. The network replication proved useful for studying deep dyslexic patterns however may not be an accurate representation of how the brain learns (Plaut Shallice, 1993). DD and connectionist modelling have worked together to explore prosopagnosia, (face blindness). Face recognition has been traced to the fusiform area of the brain and because it is domain specific and information encapsulated there are characteristic of modularity present (Carlson, 2007). In Prosopagnasia it is common for face perception to show impairment, while object recognition remains intact (Cohen, 2000). Within prosopagnosia some people retain covert recognition without overt recognition. (De Haan, Young, Newcombe, 1987) explored this, utilizing behavioural techniques with PH, who sustained trauma related prosopagnosia. PH was only able to recognize two out of multiple faces he was tested on, moreover he was unable to discern famous from common faces above the level of chance, yet he retained the ability for covert recognition which was identified by the use of galvanic skin response testing and forced word choice testing where he did better than would be possible by chance. CM to study prosopagnosia was adapted to investigate whether recognition was sequential and temporally driven and how the information was linked to determine comprehension. (Cohen et al, 2000). It was found significance in the first process is unnecessary for successful execution of the adjacent process and this observation was later strengthened by FMRI findings (Cohen et al, 2000). Adjustments to face recognition CM were the result of what was already known through DDs about overt and covert recognition. The model allowed repetition of the patterns and the ability to alter parameters to resolve questions about timing versus modular involvement. Hidden layers in the network work to average error across the network and the covert learning is seen in the model. It learns by minimizing error to produce responses for information not directly inputted to the model (Cohen, Johnston Plunkett, 2000) LaVoi Naish, (2009) urge that the simplicity of available cognitive models cant mirror the complexity of the human brain and that at best the networks are useful for modeling small tasks. Cognitive neuroscience was originally dominated by case studies, cognitive modelling in the form of neural networks and carefully developed neuropsychological testing tools. DDs were critical tools for discovery (Parkin, 1997). Modularity was observed through behaviour and confirmed at post mortem or through animal studies. Technology lacked capacity to ethically observe structural brain changes in living participants. The brain was dissected and stained after dearth so changes could be observed. Differences in function were more readily seen by brains that were damaged (Parkin, 1997). DDs provided and continue to contribute valuable information in living patients and in lesioned laboratory animals. Brain impairments can also be explored and charted through case studies of cognitive dysfunction in humans and animals. There is considerable research done with animal models due to ethical and financial constraints. One added advantage of animal studies is that multiple generations can be studied in fewer years than it takes a human to reach maturity (Carlson, 2007). Recently Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) technology has been used to approximate a lesioned condition however TMS is temporary and fails to show results of long-term impairments. Hubel and Wiesel used kittens to demonstrate extended light deprivation during critical periods in development can cause permanent visual impairment. When light was restricted to one eye, the seeing eye took over function; however the kittens failed to develop binocular vision. Research delivered insight for ocular dominance and childhood cataracts (Goldstein, 2001). They contributed to visual neurophysiology by demonstrating how signals from the eye are processed by the brain where they generate detection of motion, edges, color and depth perception (Carlson, 2007). The research supports cortical plasticity studies by revealing plasticity can be developmentally triggered as well as domain specific. Similar activity occurs in hearing and motor domains (Ramachandran, Altschuler, 2009). The brain is dynamic and adapts in impairment which has implications for modularity assumptions and consequent rehabilitation (Purves, 2008). A 1949 manuscript cited by Scoville and Milner (1957) reveals findings of significant memory loss in two patients with medial temporal lobe surgery (MTLS including the hippocampus. In 1957 Scoville and Milner warned other surgeons not to overlook the role of the hippocampus which brings us to the study of HM. HM was one of Scovilles patients in 1953 and a victim of MTLS. HMs difficulty began with a bike accident at age seven, initially recovery seemed normal but three years later HM sustained intractable seizures. At age 27, HM underwent experimental surgery in hope of limiting seizure activity. The bilateral medial temporal lobe MTLS reduced seizure activity but also impaired HMs ability to learn new information, mental processing speed, and episodic explicit memory, resulted in language impairment and erased long term memory (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Corkin, 1984; Sagar et al., 1985). He remained a case study from age seven until after his death at age eighty three. Ironically one of the few individuals he continued to recognize was Dr. Scoville who remained involved with his care until his death. There is no evidence of Scoville blaming others or shirking responsibility for his surgical actions. After HMs death at his request and with the guidance of his guardian, HMs brain was donated to science to help others. HMs brain was dissected and the procedure broadcast online (Science Blogs, 2009) HMs cognitive impairments spanned memory, visual, and language domains providing a long term picture of how network involvement and developmental changes may follow the removal of domain specific anatomy. These impairments were more clearly defined by recent advances in imaging technology such as high definition functional magnetic resonance imaging available in HMs later years however some of the impairments may have been present from the onset of his epilepsy. Deficits on tests of executive functions and hippocampal involvement are common unusual in epilepsy patients, pre and post surgery. They can be prone to perseveration as well as language and motor skill impairments (Hermann et al., 1988; Horner et al., 1996; Martin et al., 2000; Trenerry and Jack, 1994). H.M.s neurological examination in 2005 reveals his medications still included prescribed anti seizure medications, Tegretol, Paxil, and Tegretol-X. Additionally in 2002-4 when HMs brain was re-scanned extensive white matter damage and corpus callosum fiber and cortical thinning beyond that considered normal for his age group was discovered in addition to the original damage from the resection. This may indicate modular damage can impair the networks and other modules that interface with it. Initially there was resistance in the medical community to naming the hippocampus as the seat of memory because animal models did not demonstrate the same degree of disruption as HM (Barr, Goldberg, 2003). This cultural mindset and lack of information may have been a factor in Scovilles failure to recognize the earlier warning signs about memory retention and hippocampal involvement. The hippocampus was gradually accepted by the medical community as a structure having domain specific function that was critical to information encapsulation. More recently it has been noted that memory may have significant network features mediated by paths in the frontal lobes rather than an exclusively domain specific module (Barr, Goldberg, 2003). Case studies such as HM (Henry Molaison) are valuable to cognitive neuroscience as they can show the transition of theory over time and how views on what constitute modularity are subject to change. There are similar findings where severe childhood brain injury led to widespread long term negative effects on white matter architecture and restricted the potential for brain growth. Damage patterns in the hippocampus indicate the white matter injury may come from the lesions restricting long term cerebral blood flow (Tasker, 2006). Neural network architecture could possibly model patterns of learning but would lack the capacity to predict developmental cascades in organic brain matter (Shallice, 1988). Scientists such as Broca who identified the segment of brain mainly responsible for language understanding and Wernicke who found areas relative to speech production are examples of how DDs increase understanding of localist function. Broca and Wernicke both researched aphasia post-mortem at the same time period in history and compared cases (Purves, 2008). Wernicke identified the area of the brain responsible for language comprehension and named it Wernickes area. Carl Wernicke was the scientist who discerned there was a regional difference between patients with aphasia dividing those with expressive aphasia (produce language) and those who sustained receptive aphasia (understand language) Wernicke located impaired language patients whose left frontal lobe was intact. These patients experienced language impairments in the area of comprehension and even though their speech was well formed it made little sense. Wernicke found that the area of the brain damaged in these patients was a small area in the left parietal cortex. Wernickes area is considered responsible for accessing words and decoding them for speech, whereas Brocas patients could understand language but could not transform them into understandable speech (Purves, 2008). Broca found speech accuracy impairment in expressive aphasia was due to the brains inability to produce language rather than the mouth failing to produce words. (Purves, 2008) Brocas patients included Leborgne who could only repeat the word tan and Lelong whose vocabulary consisted of only five words. Both patients were found to have lesions in the left frontal lobe an area later named as Brocas area. These patients led Broca to assume speech was region specific in the brain. Brocas area is presumed to be the syntax module and Wernickes area the semantics module (Purves, 2008). Wernicke and Brocas areas until recently appeared to fill some of Fodors (2000) conditions for modularity including domain specificity, autonomy and information encapsulation. The extent of this modularity is being examined in the light of more recent findings incorporating high tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additional damaged areas are now identified as contributing to speech disruption. It was found that although Brocas area specific lesions can cause speech disruption, they are unlikely the source of complete and permanent speech impairment (Dronkers, Plaisant, Iba-Zizen, Cabanis E (2007). Additional evidence that Brocas area can be largely destroyed and language can remain intact was presented in a case study involving a computer engineer who had a tumor in Brocas region. The tumor and Brocas area were destroyed but he was able to function with minimal language problems and return to his work 3 months post surgery (Grodzinsky Santi 2002). Ongoing problems included an inability to create complex sentences, or relay reported speech. The problems were reported as working memory deficits and his recovery was explained by neural plasticity of the surrounding cortical area and a shift of some function to the right hemisphere (Grodzinsky Santi 2002). It seems unlikely that working memory could be the causation factor as the occupation he returned to is one highly dependent on working memory access. There is no report of auditory working memory in this individual differing from his visual working memory so it may be that Brocas area is not so easily dismissed (Grodzinsky Santi 2002). Figure 1 Broca and Wernicke areas NIH publication 97-4257, http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/aphasia.asp (accessed 17/04/2010) Evidence from children who learn to read after a TBI indicate those who relearn reading or recover language may not be as fluent as they were previously (Ewing-cobb, Barnes, 2002). The adverse effects of diffuse axonal injury extend to linguistic development in the areas of discourse processing, lexical development and reading. An analogy could be the functional capacity deficit experienced when one injures the writing hand and has to adjust to using the alternate one. It appears the older and more expert a child reader is at the time of injury the better chance they have of functional recovery in the area of language (Ewing-cobb, Barnes, 2002). The areas of working memory and speed of processing for mediating recovery were acknowledged by Ewing-cobb and Barnes as an area for further research. Functional MRI (FMRI) reveals more explicit localization in the way language is used than that proposed by Broca and Wernicke as evidenced by (Lyons, Mattarella-micke, Cieslak, et al, 2009) who maintain language activates domains and networks beyond the areas commonly ascribed to language processing and that the expanded process influences the language experience. Gonzà ¡lez, Barros-Loscertales, Pulvermà ¼ller, Meseguer, Sanjuà ¡n, Belloch, et al. (2006) found that neural areas which access word meaning can include related sensory systems. For instance accessing the meaning of the word vanilla may activate the olfaction and gustatory systems. Action language can activate motor regions used to complete these actions (Lyons et al, 2009). One example (figure 5) shows left dorsal premotor cortex activity. This area is considered central to selection of higher level action plans and contributes to increased comprehension of sport specific and signals increase in strength in accordance with levels of expert learning (Beilock et al., 2008). This is much like the trend cited by Posner, (2004) in regards to the fusiform area being more than face specific with expert learners. Hickok Poeppel, 2007; Vigneau, Beaucousin, Herve, Duffau, Crivello, 2006) found left dorsal premotor cortex activity is modulated by personal experience when category specific action related language is used (figure 5) Figure 2 Shows brain activation differences between expert and novice hockey players when category specific language is introduced indicating language is also accessed via motor pathways (Lyons, Mattarella-micke, Cieslak, et al, 2009) This may have profound implications for cognitive rehabilitation when Brocas or Wernickes area are damaged however it is important to note that in spite of the coordination of other networks these areas are still largely domain specific for functional capacity. Cognitive models can be supportive in logging where, and to what extent cognitive functioning is systematically impaired or spared. They can offer some insight as to whether the function in question is mainly modular or if it is distributed like a network (Cohen et al, 2000, McLeod, Plunkett, and Rolls, 1998: Parkin, 1993). Present cognitive models lack the processing power to model complex modules and the inclusion of multi sensory network architecture (|Naish, 2000) The modularity assumption is ascribed to philosopher Fodor who conceptualizes the brain as having modular characteristics and goes on to define modularity as domain specific, autonomous, innately specified, hardwired (neuronal path specific), informationally encapsulated, and not assembled (Coltheart,1999). Multiple areas of the brain are considered to have modular characteristics but do not meet all the criteria for Fodors model by (Cohen, Johnson Plunkett, 2000). Fodor insists he has never maintained the brain is modular but only that it contains modular characteristics which he goes on to describe. Fodor (1983) does not believe the mind is massively modular explainable by computational or excessively modular models, instead his emphasis is on the function of a mental state rather than its biology and he maintains modularity can be by degrees rather than on an all or nothing basis (Fodor,2000). Fodor (1983) gave his model (figure 2) three components. The transducers act like perception whose task is to convert precepts or stimuli into signals for neurons. The input systems he envisions interpret the information within mainly modular platforms. The central system operates as an executive system Fodor suggests basic aspects of vision, and language have modular characteristics and Fodor describes the central system as responsible for reasoning, problem solving analysis and making choices as network mediated (Fodor, 2000). The diagram below shows a limitation of this model in that it is feed forward only without feedback networks. Figure 3 Fodor, J.A. (1983) the Modularity of Mind, MIT Press/Bradford Books Scientists such as Posner, 2003; Gordon, Arns Paul, 2008 and Williams, Brown,, Palmer, Liddell, Kemp, Olivieri, et al. 2006) have credited neural network models as learning tools from which they have derived theoretical models of how the brain learns (Posner Carr, 1992) Two of these models will be briefly described to demonstrate that neural networks contribute to the understanding of the functional patterns of the brain. Rennie, (2001) a physicist, models the large-scale electrical activity of the brain and mapped the neuronal activity from temporal and localist assumptions. His model has contributed to the development of the integrate theory model where conceptual knowledge of cognition, biology, modelling, physics and even psychiatry are combined to propose how the brain integrates cognitive and emotional feedback(Gordon, Arns , Paul,2008 ). The integrate model could allow for cognitive function based on fight/flight mechanisms and internal/external motivators while still retaining the modular aspects. Although the integrate model was conceptualized by information accessed by observing Rennies cognitive modelling of the brain, contributions of genomics, neuropsychology, psychiatry, case studies, neuro-imaging and meta analysis are in use to further develop the model (Gordon, Arns , Paul,2008 ). This model explores age and temperament stimulus processing changes, and possibilities for personalized psycho-active drug formulation. Fight /flight response is represented in how emotion is processed and its affect on language response. In this model there is feedback and feed forward mechanisms at all levels (Williams, Brown, Palmer, Liddell, Kemp, Olivieri, et al. (2006). Figure 4 Integrate Model http://brainNET.net (accessed 11/04/2010 Posner employed cognitive modelling networks investigating patterns for attention which informed his theory on executive attention networks and assisted the design of attentional network training for children (Posner Rothbart, 2007). This computer training module used in his research demonstrates functional neural plasticity in that long-term gains in attention, language skills, working memory, visual perception and executive functioning are observed (Thorell, Lindqvist, Nutley, Bohlin, Klingberg, T. 2009). The advantages extend to near and far transfer tasks such as language acquisition, working memory and cognitive load capacity. Posner describes the brain as a network but does not deny domain specificity plays a role in identifying localization. His emphasis is on mental states, a position similar to Fodor, (Posner Rothbart, 2005). Posner refers findings which favour localized mental operations as an opportunity to explore neural plasticity and uses elements of face processing to support his position. Posner references the common activation that occurs in the fusiform area when experts think about a domain of expertise rather than an exclusive face recognition task. He maintains that if we see localizations in the form of mental operations it would be natural for to share operations in common (Posner, 2004). In fact (Corbetta Shulman, 2002) show localization of separate mental operations within the parietal lobe which merge with a larger network to align attention to specific targets (McCandliss, Cohen, Dehaene, 2003) Posner and Tang (2009) have recently explored attention state models and how they influe nce learning and communication. See a diagram of Posners conceptual model below: Posner model of localization of aspects of executive attention states www.dana.org/NEWS/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=23206 accessed (14/04/2010) The relationship between DDs and the modularity of cognitive processes in conjunction with the role CMs play is informed by ongoing research. Ellis and Young (1988) indicate unearthing a double dissociation, is only a starting point as processes and the aspects they mediate in common need careful identification. Crowder (1972) comments investigating the necessity of a two process theory may be more informative than the properties of individual processes (Plaut, 2003). DDs and CMs may oversimplify functional processes leading to distorted perceptions of neuroanatomical systems. Dividing executive function and episodic memory may undermine mutual network connections to temporal lobe systems, (Barr, Goldberg, 2003) DDs are useful for showing what happens when functional impairment occurs in one area of the brain leaving another area intact, while in other individuals the opposite functional pattern emerges (Parkin, 1997). The correlations can act as a reference in a similar way to a labelled fuse box which points the way to the specific appliance that caused an overload malfunction in the system. Fuses can be individually tested for function and the electrical impairment can be isolated for further review. CM simulates to some extent how patterns can develop in response to stimuli and injury. CMs work on an input in/out basis and as a result are unable to account for the complexities of phenotype variations influencing cognition (Naish, 2000). The patterns themselves are more concrete than abstract concepts and this may lead to insights about how specific cognitive processes work. FMRI, TMS, Galvanic skin response, single cell electrical recording, Magneto-encephalography, Quantitative encephalography, Positive electron tomography, Single photon emission computed tomography methods all allow neuro-anatomical functional observations with living individuals/animals. This informs understanding about modularity and the interaction of adjacent structures. It is important to note that each technology has limitations, MRI with temporal resolution, MEG and QEEG with spatial resolutions. With TMS artificial lesions can be created without harm to living participants by means of magnetic stimulation however, this process is time limited and can produce artefacts. These methods add to the foundation laid by early cognitive neuroscience and in some cases lead to confirmation or disputes about the original findings (Carlson, 2007). Bowers (2009, 2010) for instance notes single cell recordings may be consistent with localist coding rather than a distributed model based on the fact that neurons in the hippocampus and certain areas of the cortex may selectively respond to one stimulus out of many. His assumption is that because the IA word identification model uses single units to code for specific units it is not distributed. Parallel Distributed Processing networks (PDP)s rely on graded constraints and interactivity to determine actions that are consistent with the systems knowledge as determined by connection weights between units. However, (Plaut and McClelland, 2010) claim PDP neural network could learn localist grandmother cells in training specific learning conditions. The CMs are built from mathematical formulas using incomplete knowledge, they can be useful for showing patterns however it is illogical to expect them to uphold something they were only created to simulate and this thinking leads to unintentional error in interpretation. Statistically constructed mathematical computer models are built by the National Institute of Highway Safety to assess levels of diffuse axonal brain injury using squid axons (IIHS, 2007). These axons are electrical synaptic models rather than the chemical synaptic structure commonly found in human brains. Chemical synapses are less robust and more vulnerable to secondary cell death than the electrical synaptic structure (Roberts, 2005). Myelination damage cannot be measured by squid axon models. The resulting inaccuracies prejudice compensation claims for diffuse axonal injury survivors who often sustain language and vision impairments as the squid axon model can survive higher impact without brain damage. (Price, 2007) Cohen reports being disturbed by the ad hoc tinkering of connectionists trying to make the model work. Naish retorts that if connectionists tinker it is only to appear to model what neuro-physiologists claim to have found. He notes the complexity of the brain and notes this leave cases open for contamination by extraneous variables (Naish, 2009). Parkin (1997) states DDs may contain co-morbidities and research will reflect this. Literature tends to report simple conditions because they are easier to understand (Naish, 2009). Rebuttals can include neuro-psychologists calling connectionists tinkerers and connectionists accusing neuro-psychologists of cherry picking cases. This may reflect frustrations of research demands in a rapidly evolving field. Hinton reports CMs require labelled training data and most data learning relevant data is not constrained by labels. The signals CMs attempt to replicate require different equations than biological neural signals creating comparative discrepancies (Hinton, 2010). The brain processes data for 10^14 labels @ 10^9 per second, well beyond what computers presen

Violence in the American Workplace Essay -- Business Management Essays

Violence in the American Workplace The American workplace has become a battle ground. Each year thousands of worker’s fall victim to workplace violence, or are at least threatened with acts of violence. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Workplace violence has emerged as an important safety and health issue in today's workplace. It's most extreme form, homicide, is the second leading cause of fatal occupational injury in the United States. Nearly 1,000 workers are murdered, and 1.5 million are assaulted in the workplace each year. The threat of violence in the workplace is a growing phenomena that affects all levels of the work force from taxi drivers to stock traders. According to information provided by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Crime, harassment, and internal violence has created a strikingly visible safety and health problem for the workplace. Recent figures from NIOSH and the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that people at work are increasingly exposed to lethal violence. Homicide accounts for 17% of all deaths in the workplace. It was the leading cause of death for women in the workplace in ..... These figures, now well publicized, create a perception that the workplace is not safe. The picture of the angry worker bent on revenge has become the symbol for the sense of betrayal and loss felt by the American worker in the face of the sweeping changes affecting all levels of the workforce. We must now add to this the frightening picture of gas station attendants, store clerks, and taxi drivers who are dying at work in unacceptably high numbers. Although crime statistics are dropping nationally across the board, violence in the workplace... ...o. 8, Pg. 54 - 57, August 1998, American Hospital Publishing, Inc. Fesseden, Ford, et al. "Rampage Killer’s: A Statistical Portrait". New York Times 9 April 20000, pg. 1, col. 1 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Web Page; http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/violcont.htm; Current Intelligence Bulletin 57: Violence in the Workplace. Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies. July1996, n.p. National Crime Center for Victims of Crime Infolink Web Page; http://207.222.132.10/infolink/info54.htm. Infolink: Workplace Violence - Employer Information. March 8, 2000, n.p. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Web Page; http://www.osha.gov/oshinfo/priorities/violence.html. n.d., n.p. Robinson, Janet L. "10 Facts Every Employer Should Know About Workplace Violence", Smart Business Supersite. Internet Search Engine: Google.com, n.d., n.p.

Industrial France And England :: essays research papers

Andrew Battaini   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2/16/00 Industrial France and England   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact Industrial Revolution was immense on the countries of France and England, which caused large changes in the social classes. Another class of peoples emerged in England and France; they were the middle classes. The middle class was made up of intelligent people who made their money through their smarts and not how they were born. This was clearly proven in France when it's middle class emerged and being influenced by the philosophies filtered ideas of natural rights (life, liberty, and property). This in turn created ideas of revolution in France which eventually overthrew the monarch and set up there own government. Both of these countries however used the Industrial Revolution to there advantage in terms of new inventions and bettering the economy. This essay will show the impact of the Industrial Revolution on France and England.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England started its Industrial Revolution at its peak by first having the proper tools available at the right time. One of the reasons England did so well before the Industrial Revolution was that it had a strong merchant marine which got the materials that didn't occur naturally on there island. This also allowed them to gain news of technological advances and soon machines replaced the gape where workers couldn't be because of the limited work force. And due to England's supremacy of the sea anything they couldn't make now they could trade for it. This led to a better economy, which fell into the time slot of the industrial revolution. Through out all of this the classes remained the same except the small percent of peasants that moved up to the middle class. Family life was very similar through out Europe and there was no exception in England , the father was the head of the family and worked while the women stayed home and took care of the children an did most of the household chores. Rural life did not change much but urban life did with people moving to the cities to work in factories so population in cities grew gradually, but this sudden flood of people made many of them homeless because there was not enough room for them ,so they ether walked many miles to work or if lucky enough a person could find a room to live in. This view of the industrial revolution in England shows that it was beneficial for the economy and upper class but it was horrid for

Louis de Bernières Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays -- Bernier

Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him. Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Essays -- Bernier Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him.

Trade Unions

TRAD E UNIONS TRADE UNIONS WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, ? ring and promotion of workers, bene? ts, workplace safety and policies.The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and ? le members and the employer and in some cases on other nonmember workers. HISTORY The origins of unions' existence can be traced from the 18th century, where the rapid expansion of industrial society drew women, children, rural workers, and immigrants to the work force in numbers and in new roles. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organised in ? ts and starts throughout its beginnings,and w ould later be an important arena for the development of trade unions.Trade unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards the end of the 19th Century. Pope Leo XIII in his â€Å"Magna Carta†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Rerum Novarum—spoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. The term â€Å"trade union† was ? rst coined by the Romanian professor Matei Coltan who studied at the University of the West of England. HOW DO THEY FUNCTION ! If people of a union CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? 2. HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONS 3. HOW DO TRADE UNIONS FUNCTION 4. LIST OF TRADE UNIONS 5. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ave work trouble with salary or working conditions, they share this with the union. The union representative ? rst talks to the employer. If this method is not effective they go on strikes. ! COUNTRY GLOBAL LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Industrial Workers of the World IWW (â€Å"Wobblie s†) (IWW Homepage) International Trade Union Confederation International Workers Association (Web page: IWA-AIT) World Federation of Trade Unions (Web page: WFTU) Building and Wood Workers' International Education International (Web page: EI) FIFPro (Web page: ? fpro. org) International Af? iation of Writers Guilds (Web page: IAWG)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ International Arts and Entertainment Alliance – IAEA (FIM+ FIA + UNI-MEI) International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (Web page: ICEM) International Federation of Journalists (Web page: IFJ) International Metalworkers' Federation (Web page: IMF) International Transport Workers' Federation (Web page: ITF) International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation (Web page: ITGLWF) International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association (Web page: IUF)  ¦  ¦ Public Services International (Web page: PSI) Union Ne twork International (Web page: UNI) Sectoral global union federations  ¦  ¦  ¦ Albania Algeria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Trade Unions (Albania) (KSSh) United Independent Albanian Trade Unions (BSPSh) General Union of Algerian Workers (Web page: UGTA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Andorra Angola  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Andorran Workers' Union General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola (CGSILA) Independent Union of Maritime and Related Workers (SIMA) National Union of Angolan Workers (UNTA) Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) Antigua Workers' Union (AWU or ABWU) Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA)  ¦ Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) Antigua and Barbuda  ¦  ¦  ¦ Argentina  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Argentine Workers' Center (Web page: CTA) Consejo Coordinador Argentino Sindical (CCAS) Federacion Agraria Argentina General Confederation of Labour (Argentina) (Web page: CGT) Aruba Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados  ¦  ¦ Aruban Workers' Federation (fta) Austrian Trade Union Federation (Osterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund) (Web page: OGB)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Azerbaijan Trade Unions Confederation (ATUC) Committee for Oil Industry Workers' Rights (COIWRP) Bahrain Workers' Union General Federation of Workers Trade Unions in Bahrain Barbados Workers' Union (Web page: BWU) Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) National Union of Public Workers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bahamas  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Congress of Trade Unions of The Bahamas Airpoty, Airline & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Airline Pilots Association Bahamas Casino Gaming & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Commercial Stores, Supermarket & Warehouse Union Bahamas ommunication & Public Of? cers Union Bahamas Electrical Workers Union Bahamas Fin ancial Services Union Bahamas Hotel Catering & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Maritime Port & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Musician & Entertainers Union Bahamas Public Services Union Bahamas Taxi Cab Union Bahamas Union of Teachers Bahamas Utilities Service & Allied Workers Union Freeport Flight Services & Allied Workers Union Grand Bahama Public Service Driviers & Allied Workers Union Union of Central Banks Union OF Tertiary Education of The Bahamas The Bahamas Prison Of? ers Association The Royal Bahamas Police Association The College of the Bahamas Union of Students Commonwealth of the Bahamas Trade Union Congress General Federation of Belgian Labour Confederation of Christian Trade Unions General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium Belgium  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY Bangladesh LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC) Bangladesh Ganotantrik Sramik Federation Bangladesh Jatio Sram ik League Bangladesh Jatiyo Sramik Jote Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal Bangladesh Labour Federation Bangladesh Mukto Sramik Federation (BMSF) Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramik Federation Bangladesh Trade Union Kendra Jatio Sramik Federation Jatyo Sramik League Samajtantrik Sramik Front Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers Union Federation (BIGUF) Bangladesh Garment & Industrial Workers Federation (BGIWF) Belarus  ¦  ¦  ¦Belarus Free Trade Union (SPB) Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus National Trade Union Congress of Belize Christian Workers' Union United General Workers Union General Workers' Union (Belize) Autonomous Trade Unions Centre General Confederation of the Workers of Benin National Union of the Unions of the Workers of Benin Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU) Bermuda Public Services Association (BPSA) Federation of Bhutanese Trade Unions Belize  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Benin  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bermuda Bhutan  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Botswana Botswana Federation of Trade Unions (BFTU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Botswana Employees' Union Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Workers' Union Botswana Bank Employees' Union Botswana Beverages & Allied Workers' Union Botswana Central Bank Staff Union Botswana Commercial & General Workers' Union Botswana ConstructionWorkers' Union Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union Botswana Hotel Travel & Tourism Workers' Union Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union Botswana Institute of Development Management Workers' Union Botswana Manufacturing & Packaging Workers' Union Botswana Meat Industry Workers' Union Botswana Mining Workers' Union Botswana National Development Bank Staff Union Botswana Postal Services Workers' Union Botswana Power Corporation Workers' Union Botswana Private Medical & Health Services Workers' Union Botswana Railways Amalga mated Workers' Union Botswana Saving Bank Employees' Union Botswana Telecommunication Employees' Union Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union Botswana Wholesale, Furniture & Retail Workers' Union National Amalgamated Central, Local & Parastatal Manual Workers' Union Rural Industry Promotions Company Workers' Union University of Botswana Non-Academic Staff Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina  ¦ Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republika Srpska Bolivian Workers' Center  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia Federacion Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia Corriente de Renovacion Independiente y Solidaridad Laboral Bolivia  ¦ Brazil  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Autonoma de Trabalhadores (www. catipros. org. br) Central Unica dos Trabalhadores (www. cut. org. br) Confederacao Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristaos Confederacao Geral do s Trabalhadores (www. cgt. org. br) Coordenacao Nacional de Lutas (www. conlutas. org. br) Forca Sindical (www. fsindical. org. br) Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of BulgariaConfederation of Labour Podkrepa National Trade Union Promyana National Confederation of Workers of Burkina National Organisations of Free Trade Unions Trade Union Confederation of Burkina Confederation of Burundi Unions Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia Bulgaria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burkina Faso  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burundi Cambodia Cameroon  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions General Confederation of Free Workers of Cameroon Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Canada  ¦ Canadian Labour Congress  ¦ NationalAf? liates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACTRA British Columbia Teachers' Federation Canadian Association of University Teachers Canadian Auto Workers Canadian Of? ce and Professional Employees Union Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association International Af? iates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Independent Unions/Other Af? liations  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Writers Guild of Canada Christian Labour Association of Canada Manitoba Teachers' Society Canadian Actors' Equity Association Major League Baseball Players Association National Hockey League Players' Association Canadian Actors' Equity Association Bricklayers, Masons Independent Union of Canada rest are listed at Directory of Independent Labour Organizations Air Line Pilots Association, International Amalgamated Transit Union American Federation of Musicians Amalgamated Transit Union International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Cape Verde Caribbean  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Council of Free Labour Unions Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Centre Caribbean Congress of Labour Caribbean Public Services Association Caribbean trade unions at the Open Directory Project Caribbean Union of T eachers (Web page: CUT) Cayman Islands Airline Pilots Association Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique National Confederation of Central African Workers Union of Central African Workers Free Confederation of Chadian Workers Union of Trade Unions of Chad Central Autonoma de Trabajadores Workers' United Center of Chile Central Union of Workers Confederation of Workers of Colombia General Confederation of Democratic Workers SINALTRAINAL General Confederation of Trade Unions Cayman islands Central African Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chad Chile Colombia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Commonwealth Of Independent States Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Confederation Generale du Travail du Congo Democratic Confederation of Labour (DRC) National Union of Congolese Workers Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo Confederation Syndicale du Congo Confederation des Syndicats Libres Autonomes du C ongo Congolese Trade Union Confederation COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS People’s Republic of China All-China Federation of Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All-China Federation of Railway Workers' Unions National Committee of the Chinese Agricultural, Forestry and Water Conservancy Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Aviation Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Banking Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Defense Industry, Postal and Telecommunications Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Educational, Scienti? , Cultural, Medical and Sports Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Energy and Chemical Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Financial, Commercial, Light Industry, Textile and Tobacco Workers' Union  ¦  ¦ National Committee of the Chinese Machinery, Metallurgical and Building Material Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Seamen and Construction Workers' Union Cost a Rica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central de Trabajadores de Costa Rica Central del Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores (Costa Rica) Confederacion du Trabajadores de Costa Rica Costa Rican Confederation of Workers Cuban Workers' Solidarity Workers' Central Union of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba) Cuba  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Croatia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Association of Croatian Public Sector Unions Croatian Trade Union Association Independent Trade Unions of Croatia Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia Workers' Trade Union Association of Croatia Cyprus TurkishUnions Federation Cyprus Union of Bank Employees Cyprus Workers' Confederation Democratic Labour Federation of Cyprus Pancyprian Federation of Labour Pancyprian Public Servants' Trade Union Revolutionary Trade Unions Federation Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions Association of Autonomous Trade Unions Confederation of Art and Culture Christian L abour Confederation Trade Union Federation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia  ¦ Trade Union Federation Equality Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Cote d'Ivoire Federation of Autonomous Trade Unions of Cote d'Ivoire General Workers Union in Cote d'Ivoire General Union of Djibouti Workers Union of Djibouti Workers Central General de Trabajadores (Dominican Republic) Confederacion de Trabajadores Unitaria East Timor Trade Union Confederation Cyprus  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Czech Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Cote d’Ivoire  ¦  ¦  ¦ Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Institucional de Trabajadores Automonos (CITA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Denmark Danish Confederation of Professional Associations (AC)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors Danish Medical Association Danish Union of Architects Danish Union of Librarians etc. FTF – Confederat ion of Professionals in Denmark Danish Association of Pharmaconomists Danish Nurses Organisation Danish Union of Teachers etc. Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) Danish Food and Allied Workers' Union Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union Danish Union of Metalworkers Danish Union of Professional Technicians Danish Union of Public Employees Fagligt F? lles Forbund National Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees etc. Dominica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Dominica Amalgamated Workers' Union Dominica Association of Teachers Dominica Public Service Union National Workers' Union (Dominica) Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union Ecuador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Clasistas Unitarias de Trabajadores Confederacion de Trabajadores del Ecuador Ecuador Confederation of Free Trade Union Organizations Frente Unitario de los Trabajadores COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Egypt El Salvador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Egyptian Trade Union Federation Centra l Autonoma de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Central de Trabajadores Democraticos Federacion Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethopia Fiji  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Equatorial Guinea Workers' Union National Confederation of Eritrean Workers Confederation of Estonian Trade Unions Estonian Employees' Unions' Confederation Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Ethiopian Teachers' Association Fiji Islands Council of Trade Unions Fiji Trades Union Congress Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji) Indian Cane Growers Association (Fiji) Kisan Sangh Labasa Kisan Sangh Maha Sangh National Farmers Union (Fiji) Rewa Planters Union Vishal Sangh Gabonese Confederation of Free Trade Unions Gabonese Trade Union Confederation Gambia Workers' Union Gambian Workers' Confederation Georgian Trade Union Amalgamation Ghana Federation of Labour Trades Union Congress of Ghana Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Germany Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) German Confederation of Trade Unions [4]  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft IG Metall Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) Gewerkschaft der Sozialversicherung komba gewerkschaft Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund (CGB) Other free Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Deutscher Bundeswehrverband Marburger Bund Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) German Salaried Employees' Union until 2001 Gibraltar Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Gibraltar Apprentices and Ex-Apprentices Union Gibraltar Confederation of Labour Gibraltar Labour Trades Union The Gibraltar Confederation of Labour was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1963.Greece Grenada Guatemala  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Civil Servants' Confederation General Confederation of Greek Workers Grenada Trad es Union Council Central General de Trabajadores de Guatemala Confederacion de Unidad Sindical de Guatemala Union Sindical de Trabajadores de Guatemala COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Guinea  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Union of the Workers of Guinea National Confederation of Guinean Workers National Organization of Free Unions of Guinea United Trade Union of Guinean Workers National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau Guyana Agricultural and General Workers' Union Guyana Airline Pilots Association Guyana Labour Union Guyana Local Government Of? ers' Union Guyana Mining Metal and General Workers' Union Guyana Postal and Telecommunications' Union Guyana Teachers' Union Guyana Trades Union Congres National Workers' Union (Guyana) Guyana public services union Clerical and commercial workers union Confederation des Travailleurs Haitiens Coordination Syndicale Haitienne (CSH) Haitian Trade Union Coordination May 1st – Workers' Fight Federation Batay Ouvriye Centrale Generale des Travail leurs Central General de Trabajadores (Honduras) Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Federacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Honduras Workers' Confederation Autonomous Trade Union Confederation Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions Forum for the Cooperation of Trade Unions Guinea-Bissau Guyana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Haiti  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Honduras  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hungary  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Hong Kong  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) – proCPC Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Labour Unions (HKFLU) Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) pro-democracy Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (HKKTUC) – pro-Kuomintang Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (HKPTU) – prodemocracy Joint Organization of Unions – Hong Kong Confederation of State and Municipal Em ployees of Iceland  ¦ Icelandic Federation of Labour Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Union Confederation of Indonesia Prosperous Trade Union Confederation of Indonesian Trade Union (CITU) Indonesian Forestry and Allied Workers' Union (KAHUTINDO)  ¦  ¦ FEDERASI SERIKAT PEKERJA NASIONAL INDONESIA INDONESIA NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS FSPNI Iceland  ¦ Indonesia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Iran  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Central Council of Trade Unions Central Council of United Trade Unions Central Union of Workers and Peasants of Iran Ettehadiyeh-ye Sendika-ye Kargaran-e Iran Iranian Workers' Solidarity Network Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company Union of Toilers of Iran COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS India see Indian Trade Unions, List of trade unions in the Singareni coal ? elds.  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Indian Railway Trade Unions All KARNATAKA Kannadigara Workers union . Karnataka Auto driver Union Kar nataka Workers Union All India Railway Men's Federation www. air? ndia. com Northern Railway Men's Union www. nrmu. net Bank Employees Federation of IndiaAll India Central Council of Trade Unions Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Federation Bunkar Mahasabha Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Sangathan Tamil Nadu Democratic Construction Labour Union All India Trade Union Congress  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union Federation of Chatkal Mazdoor Unions Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation Patiala Aviation Club Workers Union Pondicherry Textile Labour Union Powerloom Workers Union Punjab Breweries Workers Union Vegetable Market Workers Union Visakha Steel Workers Union  ¦ Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bhakra Management Board Karamchari Sangh Bharatiya Pratiraksha Mazdoor Sangh MCF Mazdoor Sangh Mica Mazdoor Sangh COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Centre of Indian Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Union Calcutta Tramways Workers' and Employees' Union Cochin City Motor Thozhilali Union Darjeeling District Newspaper Sellers' Union Forward Seamens Union of India Maharashtra Sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union Otis Elevators Employees Union Siliguri Dokan Sramik Karmachari Union Steel Plant Employees Union Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat Konkan Railway Corporation Employees Union Municipal Mazdoor Union Hind Mazdoor Sabha All India Jute Textile Workers' Federation Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan MCF Employees' UnionIndian Federation of Trade Unions Darjeeling Jela Dokan Sramik Union Indian National Trade Union Congress National Union of Jute Workers Indian National Defence Workers Federation MCF Workers' Union Nangal Bakra Mazdoor Sangh Visakha Steel Employees' Congress Labour Progressive Federation NLC Workers Progressive Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UN IONS  ¦ National Federation of Atomic Energy Employee  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ AEEA (IGCAR) BARCFEA (BARC facilities) GSO SA (GSO) TAPEU (MAPS) MAPSA (MAPS) DPS (DAE) EA (MRPU) CATSA Confederation Of Atomic & Space Scientists/ Technologists, COAST  ¦  ¦ AARCO, Kalpakkam CATSOA, Indore  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Trade Union Coordination Committee  ¦ Bengal Hawkers AssociationAssociation of Motion Pictures & TV Programme Producer of India Federation of Western India Cine Employees Indian National Trade Union Congress Kerala Private Pharmacist's Association (KPPA) Kerala Gazetted Of? cers' Federation Kerala State Transport Employees Front Maharashtra General Kamgar Union Mazdoor Mukti Morcha Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh Socialist Trade Union Centre Trade Union Centre of India United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani All India Defence Employees Federation Bengal Jute Mill Workers' Union Bengal Provincial Chat kal Mazdoor Union *Murshidabad Self Employed Geriatric Healthcare Workers Association COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Iraq  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Workers?Councils and Unions in Iraq General Federation of Trade Unions Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions Union of the Unemployed in Iraq Federation of Oil Unions in Iraq Irish Congress of Trade Unions Ireland  ¦ Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Electricity Supply Staff Association (Dublin) Galway Workers' and General Labourers' Union Irish Mental Hospital Workers' Union Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Unite – the Union – a merger of the T&GWU and Amicus created on 1 May 2007. Amicus Association of Higher Civil & Public Servants Association of Irish Traditional Musicians Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland Irish Bank Of? cials' Association (IBOA) (www. iboa. e) Irish Federation of University Teachers (IFUT) (www. ifut. ie) Irish Medical Organisa tion (IMO) (www. imo. ie) Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union (IMPACT) (www. impact. ie) Irish National Teachers' Organisation (INTO) (www. into. ie) Irish Nurses Organisation (INO) (www. ino. ie) MANDATE (www. mandate. ie) NAPO (www. napo. org. uk) National League of the Blind (NLB) (no website known) National Union of Journalists (NUJ) (www. nuj. org) so on†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Israel  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Histadrut http://www. histradrut. org. il/ National Labour Federation in Eretz-Israel Histadrut Koach La`Ovdim: Power to the workers Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) Cgil. t Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL) Italian Labour Union (UIL) Uil. it Italian Confederation of Free Workers' Unions (CISAL) CONFSAL Confederazione del Comitati di Base (COBAS) Cobas. it CUB (Confederazione Unitaria di Base) General Labour Union (Italy) SIN. PA. (Sindacato Padano) DIRFOR (Sindacato Nazionale dei Dirigenti, dei Direttivi del Corpo For estale dello Stato)  ¦  ¦ CGU (Confederazione GILDA-UNAMS-NURSIND) Autonomous South Tyrolean Trade Union Bustamante Industrial Trade Union Jamaica Airline Pilots Association Jamaica Association of Local Government Of? cers Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions Jamaica Civil Service Association (www. jacisera. om) National Workers Union Jamaican Teachers Association Jamaican Union of Public Of? cers and Public Employers Japan Teachers Union RENGO Sohyo National Union of General Workers General Union Tozen Italy  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Jamaica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Japan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Jordon Kazakhstan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions Jordanian Engineers Association Confederation of Labour of Kazakhstan Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kenya  ¦ Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya) (KNUT)Kenya national union of teachers Transport and general workers union (UK) Marathon Runners Union Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Kiribati Trade Union Congress Kuwait Trade Union Federation Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions Lao Federation of Trade Unions Free Trade Confederation of Latvia General Confederation of Lebanese Workers Congress of Lesotho Trade Unions Lesotho Congress of Democratic Unions Lesotho Trade Union Congress Liberian Federation of Labour Unions National Trade Unions' Federation Liechtenstein Employees' Association Lithuanian Labour Federation Lithuanian Trade Union – Solidarity Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Luxembourg  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Civil Service Confederation (CGFP) Luxembourg Association of Bank and Insurance Employees (ALEBA) Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions (LCGB) Luxembourg Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (OGBL) Republic of Macedonia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia Union of Independent Autonomous Trade Unions Christian Confederation ofMalagasy Trade Unions Confederation of Malagasy Workers United Autonomous Unions of Madagascar Malawi Congress of Trade Unions Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services Madagascar  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malawi Malaysia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malaysian Trades Union Congress National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers Mali Malta  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Workers' Union of Mali Workers' Trade Union Confederation of Mali Forum of Maltese Trade Unions For. U. M. – confederation Confederation of Malta Trade Unions General Workers' Union (Malta) Malta Workers' Union Malta Union of Teachers Malta Union of Midwives and Nurses COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Mauritania  ¦  ¦ Free Confederation of Mauritanian Workers General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers Union of Mauritanian Workers Federation of Civil Service Unions Federation of Progressive Unions Mauritius Labour Congress Mauritius Trade Union Congress National Trade Unions Confederation Organization of Artisans' Unity Local Authorities Employees Union Confederation of Independent Trade Union Confederation of Mexican Workers – CTM General Confederation of Workers (Mexico) – CGT Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers – CROM Sindicato unico de Trabajadores Electricistas de la Republica Mexicana – SUTERM  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic – SNTMMSRM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Autotransportes Urbanos de Pasajeros, Ruta 100 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Industria Nuclear SUTIN Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Musica del D. F. SUTM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Banco de Mexico Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Gobierno del Distrito Federal Sindicato Unico Nacional de Trabajadores de Telecomunicaciones de Mexico (TELECOMM) AND MANY MORE†¦ Mauritius  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mexico  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Moldova  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Union of Monaco Trade Unions Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco) Democratic Federation of Labour General Union of Moroccan Workers Moroccan Workers' Union National Labour Union of Morocco The Moroccan Morracas Union Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mozambique Workers' Organization Federation of Trade Unions of Burma Seafarers' Union of Burma National Union of Namibian Workers Trade Union Congress of Namibia All Nepal Trade Union Federation- ANTUF Confederation of Nepalese Professionals-CoNEP Federation of Nepalese Progressive Trade UnionsFENEPT General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions-GEFONT Nepal Trade Union Congress-Independent:NTUC-I Nepal Trade Union Federation-NTUF National Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Union-Independent:NDCONT-I COUNTRY Netherlands LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging (FNV) Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV) CNV Public Vakcentrale Voor Middengroepen en Hoger Personeel (MHP) Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen Nederlandse Vereniging van Luchtvaart Technici Algemene Bond voor Casinopersoneel (Vakbond ABC) Bonaire Federation of Labour Central General di Trahadonan di Corsow Trade Union Centre of Curacao Windward Islands Federation of Labour New Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU) New Zealand Air Line Pilots' Association (APA) Alloy Yachts Employees Federation Amalgamated Workers Union of New Zealand Clothing, Laundry and Allied Workers Union of Aotearoa Corrections Associatio n of New Zealand (CANZ) Customs Of? cers' Association of New Zealand New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU) Finance and Information Workers Union (Finsec) Firestone Employees Society Flight Attendants and Related Services Association (FARSA)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union Postal Workers Association (PWA) Postal Workers Union (PWU) AND MANY MORE†¦ Netherlands Antilles  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Zealand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Nicaragua  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Labour Uni? cation Nicaraguan Workers' Centre Sandinista Workers' Centre Ulster Teachers' Union (UTU) NorwegianConfederation of Trade Unions (LO)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ EL & IT Forbundet Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers Norwegian Civil Service Union Norwegian Post and Communications Union Norwegian Seafarers' Union (Norsk Sjomannsforbund) Norwegian Union of Food, Beve rage and Allied Workers Norwegian Union of General Workers Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees Union of Employees in Commerce and Of? ces United Federation of Trade Unions Northern Ireland Norway  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Unions for Professionals, Norway Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations NITO Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger General Union of Workers of Niger Nigerien Confederation of Labour Union of Workers' Trade Unions of Niger Niger  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ OmanTrade unions are illegal in Oman, but the World Federation of Trade Unions recognizes one exile organization—the National Committee of Omani Workers. COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Pakistan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Pakistan Federation of Labour All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions All Pakistan Trade Union Congress All Pakistan Trade Union Federation Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions Pakistan Work ers' Federation Muttahida Labour Federation Pakistan Pakistan Brick Kiln Labour Union Central National de Trabajadores de Panama Confederation of Workers of the Republic of Panama Convergencia Sindical General Confederation of Workers of Panama SUNTRACSPapua New Guinea Trade Union Congress Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (Paraguay) Confederacion Paraguaya de Trabajadores National Workers' Central (Paraguay) Central Autonoma de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion de Trabajadores del Peru Federation of Free Workers May First Labour Movement Centre Trade Union Congress of the Philippines All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ) August80 (WZZ â€Å"Sierpien80†) Solidarity Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ Solidarnosc)  ¦ Trade Unions Forum (FZZ) Panama  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Papua New Guinea Paraguay  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Peru  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Philippines  ¦  ¦  ¦ Poland  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Portugal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Confederation of Labour (Portugal) General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers General Union of Workers (Portugal) Union of Independent Trade Unions (Portugal) General Confederation of Workers (Puerto Rico) Teachers' Federation of Puerto Rico Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania National Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Romania – Brotherhood  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Trade Union Bloc National Trade Union Confederation (Romania) National Trade Union Confederation – Meridian All-Russian Confederation of Labour Confederation of Labour of Russia (www. ktr. u) Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Trade Union Centre of Workers of Rwanda Union of Workers in Industry, Garages, Construction Firms, Mines and Printers Puerto Rico Romania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Russia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Rwanda  ¦  ¦ Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union National Workers' Union (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia Teachers' Union – SLTU (www. stluciateachersunion. com) Saint Lucia Workers' Union Commercial, Technical and Allied Workers' Union National Labour Congress National Workers' Movement (St. Vincent) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Public Service Union Saint Vincent and the grenadines  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONSSamoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Samoa Public Service Association Samoa Trade Union Congress Democratic Confederation of San Marino Workers San Marino Confederation of Labour General Union of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe National Organization of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe – Central Union Senegal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union Democratic Union of Senegalese Workers National Confederation of Senegalese Workers National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Senegal Confederation of Autonom ous Trade Unions of Serbia (www. sindikat. rs) Serbia  ¦  ¦  ¦ United Branch Trade Unions â€Å"Independence† (www. ezavisnost. org) Postmans Trade Union – SD(www. sdpostar. com) Seychelles Federation of Workers' Unions Seychelles Workers Union Sierra Leone Confederation of Trade Unions Sierra Leone Labour Congress National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic Independent Christian Trade Unions of Slovakia Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of New Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of Trade Unions of Slovenia – Pergam Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Solomon Islands South Africa  ¦ Solomon Islands Council of Trade Unions Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union Communication Workers Union (South Africa) Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa Food and Allied Workers Union Musicians Union of South Africa National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) Performing Arts Workers' Equity Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union SASBO – The Finance Union South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union South African Democratic Nurses' Union South African Democratic Teachers Union South African Football Players Union South African Medical Association Confederation of South African Workers' Unions Federation of Unions of South Africa  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Health & Other Services Personnel Trade Union of South Africa Independent Municipal & Allied Trade Union Public Servants Associatio n of South Africa United Association of South Africa  ¦ National Council of Trade Unions COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS South Korea  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Teachers & Education Workers' Union phithi trade union for youth development Spain  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Workers' Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CCOO) (www. ccoo. s) Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) (www. ugt. es) Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT) (www. cgt. es) Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) (www. cnt. es) Confederacion Intersindical Galega (CIG) ([5]) Agrarian Trade Union Federation Basque Workers' Solidarity Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Spanish Trade Union Organisation Typographic Workers Trade Union Workers Collectives Workers in Struggle Collectives All Ceylon United Motor Workers? Union Ceylon Federation of Labour Ceylon Federation of Union GCSU Sri Lanka United Corporations and Mercantile Union Ceylon Electricity Board Engineer? s Union Sudanese Workers? Trade Union FederationSri Lanka  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Sudan  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Suriname  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Civil Service Organizations General Alliance of Labour Unions in Suriname Organization of Cooperating Autonomous Trade Unions Progressive Labour Federation 47 Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Financial Sector Union of Sweden Swedish Association of Health Professionals Swedish Police Union Swedish Teachers' Union Swedish Union of Civil Servants Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry Swedish Union of Commercial Salaried Employees Swedish Trade Union Confederation(www. lo. e)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden National Socialist Industrial Workers Union Swe dish Confederation of Professional Associations AND MORE†¦ IF Metall Swedish Building Maintenance Workers' Union Swedish Building Workers' Union Swedish Commercial Employees' Union Swedish Electricians' Union Swedish Food Workers' Union Swedish Forest and Wood Workers' Union Swedish Hotel and Restaurant Workers' Union Swedish Industrial Union Swaziland Sweden  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Switzerland  ¦  ¦  ¦ Swiss Federation of Trade Unions (Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftbund)(SGB) (www. sgb. ch) syndikat – Die Online Gewerkschaft (syndikat. ch) Travail.Suisse General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria) Chinese Federation of Labour Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions Tajikistan Federation of Trade Unions Trade Union' Congress of Tanzania Zanzibar Trade Union Congress Labour Congress of Thailand National Congress of Thai Labour Thai Trade Union Congress National Confederation of Togolese Workers National Union of Independent Trade Unions of Togo Trade Union Confederation of Togolese Workers Togo Pogo Stick Union Friendly Islands Teachers' Association Tonga Nurses' Association Tonga Conga Line Association Tunisian General Labour Union Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Togo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tonga  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tunisia Turkey  ¦ Irwinian Federation of Day laborers  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey Confederation of Public Workers' Unions Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions National Centre of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union Turkmenistan Tuvalu  ¦  ¦COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Trinidad and Tobago Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Airline Superintendents Association All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union Airline Superintendents Association Amalgamated Workers Union Association of Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Staff Aviation, Communication and Allied Workers Union Banking, Insurance and General Workers Union Communication, Transport and General Workers Union Communication Workers Union Contractors and General Workers Trade Union Customs and Excise Extra Guards Association Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago Emperor Valley Zoo Estate Police Association AND MANY MOREHistorical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union Amalgamated Engineering and General Workers' Trade Union Bank and General Workers Union Bank Employees Union British Colonial Taxpayers and All Workers Union Civil Service Association Communication Services and General Workers Trade Union Public Works and Public Service Workers Trade Union Staff Association of Barclays Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Limited AND MANY MORE COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Uganda  ¦  ¦ National Organization of Trade Unions, Central Organisation of Free Trad e Unions, Uganda (COFTU) Ukraine  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine National Confederation of the Trade-Union Organizations of Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan USSR Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela  ¦ Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores – Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Federation of Trade Unions of Uzbekistan Soviet trade unions Vanuatu Council of Trade Unions Association of Vatican Lay Workers Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela Movimiento Nacional de Trabajadores Para La Liberacion Union Nacional de Trabajadores de Venezuela Vietnamese General Confederation of Labour General Workers' Union of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Yemeni Confederation of Labor Unions Federation of Free Trade Unions of Zambia Zambia Congress of Trade Unions African Trade Union Congress Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Uni ons COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United Kingdom  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Trade Unions (UK) Trades Union Congress (TUC) Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACCORD Advance (www. advance-union. org) Aegis The Aegon UK Staff Association †¡Alliance for Finance Aspect (www. aspect. org. uk)Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLEF Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union BFAWU (www. bfawu. org. uk) †¡Balfour Beatty Group Staff Association † Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Belfast Airport Police Association †¡Boots Pharmacists Association BPA Britannia Staff Union BSU (www. britanniasu. org. uk) British Air Line Pilots' Association BALPA (www. balpa. org. uk) British Association of Colliery Management BACT TEAM (www. bacmteam. org. uk) British Association of Dental Nurses BADN ([6]) British Association of Journalists BAJ (www. bajunion. org. uk/) British Association of Occupational Therapists BAOT Retired Of? cers Association Royal College of Midwives RCM University and College Union UCU (www. ucu. org. uk) VOICE (www. voicetheunion. org. k/) †¡Warwick International Staff Association AND MANY MORE†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United States AFL-CIO (The American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Line Pilots Association ALPA Amalgamated Transit Union ATU American Federation of Government Employees AFGE American Federation of Musicians American Federation of School Administrators AFSA American Train Dispatchers Department ATDD Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Actors' Equity Association AEA American Guild of Musical Artists AGMA American Guild of Variety Artists AGVA The Guild of Italian American Actors GIAA Screen Actors Guild SAG AND MANY MORE†¦ The Change to Win Federation) Inter national Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT Service Employees International Union SEIU  ¦  ¦ Independent  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association AMFA Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions Directors Guild of America DGA Dramatists Guild of America Jockeys' Guild Workers United – Recruiting UNITE HERE AND MANY MORE†¦ Union Reform Groups  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Labor Notes Short Circuits IBEW local reformers Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU AND MANY MORE†¦ The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1850-1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place.During this period, the working and living conditions of the labor were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were po or in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities.These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The second phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners’ unions and weavers’ unions were formed. A strike was lau nched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah.These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country: 1. The All India Trade Union Congress, 2.The Indian National Trade Union Congress, 3. The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and 4. The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the li nes of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA The Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, growing 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors: 1.The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. 2. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and 3. The urban informal sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ! In India the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of L abour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 11 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour.RECOGNIZED CTUO? s 1. All India Central Council of Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) Liberation) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (Communist Party of India) 3. All India United Trade Union Centre (Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)) 4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) 5. Indian National Trade Union Congress (Indian National Congress) 6. Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress (All India Trinamool Congress) 7. Centre for Indian Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) 8. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (socialists) 9. Labour Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) 10. SEWA 11.Trade Union Coordination Committee (All India Forward Bloc) 12. United Trade Union Congress (Revolutionary Socialist Party) ALL INDIA CENTRAL COUNCIL OF TRADE UNIONS ! All Ind ia Central Council of Trade Unions, a central trade union federation in India. AICCTU is politically attached to Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a membership of 639 962 in 2002 ALL INDIA TRADE UNION CONGRESS (AITUC) All India Trade Union Congress Founded 1920 Members 2,677,979 (2002) Country India Af? liation WFTU Key Gurudas Dasgupta, general people Of? ce location secretary Delhi, IndiaThe All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the ? ve largest. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 2,677,979 in 2002. ! It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and a few others and, until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India. AITUC is go verned by a body headed by General Secretary Gurudas Dasgupta, a politician af? liated with Communist Party of India. AITUC is a founder member of the World Federation of Trade Unions.ALL INDIA UNITED TRADE UNION CENTRE ! ! The All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), formerly known as UTUC-LS, is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 af? liated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 2002. BHARATIYA MAZDOOR SANGH (BMS) Indian Workers Union Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Founded July 23, 1955 Members 6. million (2002) Country India Af? liation Independent Key people Girish Awasthi, president Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. bms. org. in ! The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers' Union) is the largest central trade union organization in India. It was founded by Dattopantji Thengdi on July 23, 1955, which also happens to the birthday of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. ! The BMS itself claims to have over 8. 3 million members. At present it is estimated around 5860 unions are af? liated to the BMS. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6215797 in 2002. It can also be noted that the BMS is not af? iated to any International Trade Union Confederation. ! Girish Awasthi is the current president of the organization, and Mr. Lakshma Reddy its General Secretary. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trade Union Congress Founded May 3, 1947 Members 3. 8 million (2002) Country India Af? liation ITUC Key G. Sanjeeva Reddy, President; Rajendra people Of? ce location Website Prasad Singh, General Secretary. 4, Bhai Veer Singh Marg, New Delhi ! Indian National Trade Un ion Congress (INTUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded May 3, 1947, and is af? liated with the International Trade Union Confederation.According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3892011 in 2002. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress Country India Key Shovan Deb people Chattopadhyay, All India President; Purnendu Bose, West Bengal State President ! Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress is a trade union organisation of India politically associated with All India Trinamool Congress. CENTRE OF INDIAN TRADE UNIONS (CITU) Centre of Indian Trade Unions Founded 1970 Members 3. 2 million Country India Key people M K Pandhe, President Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. citucentre. orgCentre of Indian Trade Unions (Hindi: ‘(? ?*+ -. /), CITU is a National level Trade Union in India politically attached to the Communist Party of India (Ma rxist). The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallangeable presence in the Indian states of West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura besides a good presence in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It has presence in almost all of the Indian states. According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, CITU had a membership of 3,222,532 in 2002. Chittabrata Majumdar was the General Secretary of CITU from 2003-2007. 2th Conference (held in January 2007) of CITU re-elected him as its General Secretary. But he died on 20 February 2007. The General Council of CITU met on 17 May 2007 and elected Mohammed Amin as its new General Secretary. HIND MAZDOOR KISAN PANCHAYAT (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (India Workers Peasants Council), is a national trade union confederation in India. Its national president is George Fernandes. HIND MAZDOOR SABHA (HMS) Founded Members Country Af? liation Key people H ind Mazdoor Sabha December 29, 1948 3. 3 million India ITUC Manohar Kotwal, president Umraomal Purohit, general secretary New Delhi, India members. rediff. com/hms/ Of? e location Website ! The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS, a Hindi name with approximate meaning ‘Workers Assembly of India') is a national trade union center in India. LABOUR PROGRESSIVE FEDERATION ! Labour Progressive Federation, trade union federation in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The LPF is politically attached to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, LPF had a membership of 611,506 in 2002. The president of LPF is C. Kuppusamy. ! Telecom Employees Progressive Union is an af? liate of Labour Progressive Federation. The Union is shortly called TEPU that represents BSNL workers of India.The website of the union is tepuchq. org SELF-EMPLOYED WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (SEWA) The Self-Employed Women's Association of India (SEWA) is a trade union f or poor, self-employed women workers in India. SEWA was founded in 1972 by the noted Gandhian and civil rights leader Dr Ela Bhatt. SEWA's main of? ce is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and it works in several states of India. SEWA had a membership of 966,139 in the year 2008. SEWA members are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare bene? ts like workers in the organized sector. They are the unprotected labour force of India.Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganized sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganized sector. However their work is not counted and hence remains invisible. SEWA is strongly supported by the World Bank which holds it out as a model to be replicated elsewhere. TRADE UNION COORDINATION COMMITTEE (TUCC) Trade Union Coordination Committee, a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attache d to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a membership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretary is Nripendra Kumar Mahto.Krishi Shramik Union (Agricultural Labour Union) is af? liated to TUCC. ! In Pune, the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK) Employees Union and the Dehu Road Ordnance Factory Employees Union are af? liated to TUCC. UNITED TRADE UNION CONGRESS United Trade Union Congress Founded 1949 Members 383 946 (2002) Country India Key people Abani Roy, general secretary Of? ce location Kolkata, India ! United Trade Union Congress is a central trade union organisation in India. UTUC is politically tied to Revolutionary Socialist Party. Abani Roy is the general secretary of UTUC. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC had a membership of 383 946 in 2002. UTUC was founded at an All India Labour Conference in Calcutta, May 1, 1949. The founding president was professor K. T. Shah, a member of th e Constituent Assembly from Bombay, and the founding general secretary was Mrinal Kanti Bose, a former AITUC president from Bengal. At the time of its foundation, Bose claimed that the organisation consisted of 236 unions with a combined membership of 347 428. ! Initially, UTUC pro? led itself as an independent trade union centre, organising members of different leftwing factions. In 1953 the Deputy Labour Minister of India, Abid Ali, estimated the UTUC membership at 384 962. At the time UTUC had 332 af? liated unions